Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory

Authors

Tom Hildebrandt, Jim Langenbucher, David G. Schlundt (2004)

The MDDI is a 13-item, multidimensional measure designed to assess symptoms of muscle dysmorphia (MD), including cognitive, behavioral, and emotional features. In addition to global score, the MDDI contains 3 subscales: (1) Drive for Size, (2) Appearance Intolerance, and (3) Functional Impairment.

What this tool is good for:

MDDI is a valuable tool for both clinical and research purposes, helping to assess, understand, and address muscle dysmorphia symptoms. These symptoms can co-occur with eating disorders, particularly in individuals who engage in excessive exercise and restrictive eating to achieve a muscular physique.

Validity and Reliability Papers

Hildebrandt, T., Langenbucher, J., & Schlundt, D. G. (2004). Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures. Body Image, 1(2), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.001

Compte, E.J., Cattle, C.J., Lavender, J.M. et al. (2022) Psychometric evaluation of the muscle dysmorphic disorder inventory (MDDI) among gender-expansive people. J Eat Disord 10, 95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00618-6

Hatoum, A. H., Burton, A. L., Berry, S. L., & Abbott, M. J. (2023). Psychometric properties of self-report measures of eating disorder cognitions: a systematic review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00947-0

Nagata, J.M., Compte, E.J., McGuire, F.H. et al. (2021) Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender minority populations. J Eat Disord 9, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00442-4

Nagata, J. M., Compte, E. J., McGuire, F. H., Lavender, J. M., Murray, S. B., Brown, T. A., Capriotti, M. R., Flentje, A., Lubensky, M. E., Obedin-Maliver, J., & Lunn, M. R. (2022). Psychometric validation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among U.S. transgender men. Body Image, 42, 43–49). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.05.001

Type of tool

Mechanisms/Processes

Specific gender

Non-specific

Age validated for use with

Adults (18+ years)

Eating disorders

General

Evaluates

Muscularity attitudes, Body shape attitudes

Delivery Setting

Self-report

Number of Questions

Specific Populations

General population

Approximate administration time:

5-10-minutes

Languages

English, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish

Notes

MDDI items are provided in the primary publication.